Introduction to Causal Research – Major Experimental Designs
In this article we will go through the topic Causal Research – Major Experimental Designs.
Experimental Research Design
As the name suggests, the experimental research design is based on experiment. This type of research is such an observation which is conducted under controlled conditions. Experiment has special significance in such a research activity. By experiment, we mean close and keen observation of a situation or scenario under controlled conditions just like in a science laboratory. For knowing the objectives and processes and learning the various aspects of experimental designs, first of all, it would be better to understand the concept by knowing its meaning and definition.
Causal Research – Major Experimental Designs
Meaning and Definition of Experiment
As per R.L. Ackoff, experiment is such a process which we term as investigation. An inquiry wherein changes and adjustments are inherent is called an experiment.
E. Greenwood has observed that experiment is the proof of such hypothesis which attempts at establishing causal relationship between two factors by conducting the study of varied situations were leaving aside some intended factors, all the factors have been brought under control.
In the opinion of F.S. Chapin, the concept of experimental design indicates at the study of human relations by observation under regulated conditions. Experimental research operates on similar lines as that of physical sciences. While conducting study under this method, some of the factors are brought under controlled observation and some others are considered to study their inter-relationship and the impact they create among themselves.
Chapin says that experimental research is only an observation. under controlled directions. When observation fails to find out those factors which impact upon the problem then it becomes necessary for the scientist to take recourse to experiment. This type of research design is an alternative of laboratory system in social sciences. As the main aim of experimental research is to explain and clarify social events, it is also called narrative research design.
The study of experimental research designs began with the research in the field of agriculture science. It was Prof. R.A. Fisher who pioneered such studies while working at Rothamsted Experimental station, Center for Agricultural Research in England. To-day, experimental designs are being used in research studies in various fields and disciplines everywhere.
Causal Research – Major Experimental Designs
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Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Prof. Fisher has enumerated following basic principles of experimental research design
1. The Principle of Replication
According to this principle, the experiment should be done repeatedly so as to increase the accuracy of results in statistical terms. It helps us in getting a more accurate estimate of the experimental error.
2. The Principle of Randomization
As per this principle, the experiment should be planned in a way so that all such variations which are caused due to extraneous factors can be combined under a general head. It aims at better estimation of experimental error. This can be achieved only by taking samples in a random manner or by assigning treatments to the experimental units in a random manner. Randomization allows us to assume that errors are independent though it does not guarantee independence of errors. Although the effect of adjacence of time and space cannot be estimated but randomization tends to make these effects minimum.
3. The Principle of Local Control
Under this principle, the field of study is divided into several homogeneous parts which are again divided into sub-parts for administering treatment. Then in accordance with the nature of each sub-parts for administering treatment. Then in accordance with the nature of each sub-part appropriate treatment is administered. This treatment aims at measuring the contribution to the total variability of the data.
Conclusion to Causal Research – Major Experimental Designs
Causal Research employing major experimental designs provides invaluable insights into cause-and-effect relationships within various phenomena. Through meticulously designed experiments, researchers can manipulate variables to uncover causal connections, thereby advancing knowledge and facilitating informed decision-making. These experimental designs, such as randomized controlled trials, allow for rigorous testing of hypotheses, ensuring reliability and validity of findings.
. By systematically controlling extraneous factors and employing statistical analyses, researchers can confidently draw conclusions about the impact of independent variables on dependent variables. Ultimately, causal research using experimental designs serves as a powerful tool for unraveling complex relationships and driving progress in diverse fields, from medicine to social sciences.
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